مجله غدد درون ریز و متابولیسم ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 84، بهمن و اسفند 1394)

This study aimed to examine the concept of self-management of type I diabetes in adolescents.
This study used the Van Manen’s six-step hermeneutic phenomenological approach to examine the concept of self management of type-1 diabetes among Iranian adolescents, with the disorders Eight adolescents, aged 13-18 years, diagnosed with type I diabetes at least one year ago, were recruited. Mean age of the adolescents was 16 years, the mean duration of suffering was 3 years and 10 months and the mean length of interviews was 35 min, and 27 sec. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. After each interview, data were analyzed by the research team. Each interview was a guide for the next interview, the questions of which were changed based on the data obtained from the previous interview. Field notes were also used as an instrument to collect data.
This study extracted 7 themes, including productive interaction, self-efficacy achievement, self-regulation achievement, overcoming problems, future prospects and “diabetes, a part of life”, A theme not previously observed in other studies was maintaining appearances among these adolescents.
This study showed that Iranian adolescents with diabetes type 1 are eager to participate in self-care and self-management.

Cardiovascular complications are considered as the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. The role of increased serum concentrations of inflammatory markers, particularly C Reactive Protein (CRP), in the prediction and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications of type 1 diabetes has been established. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks of L-carnitine supplementation and aerobic exercise training on serum levels of CRP in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Male wistar rats (n=36), weighing 230±10 (grams) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=6 each), including the healthy group, and the remaining (after the induction of diabetes mellitus by injection of streptozotocin), into the diabetic pre-test, diabetic control, diabetic aerobic training, diabetic oral L-carnitine treatment, and the diabetic aerobic training plus oral L-carnitine treatment groups. At the end of the interventions, blood samples were collected to determine serum levels of CRP. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS version 20; P values Althought L-carnitine supplem­entation in diabetic oral L-carnitine treatment group did not significantly reduce serum levels of CRP, compared with the diabetic control group (p=0.078), it however reduced the rate of its progressive increase. Also significant reductions in CRP levels in both the aerobic training (p=0) and the aerobic training plus L-carnitine supplementation groups (p=0) were observed. However, the percentage changes of CRP level in the latter group was higher.
Results of the current study show that, aerobic training can reduce serum CRP levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and the simultaneous use of L-carnitine supplementation, can lead to more beneficial effects.

In present study, we examined the effects of endurance training alone and endurance training combined with taking garlic supplement on serum homocysteine levels, complex plasminogen activator (TPA), and body composition parameters such as weight, BMI and body fat percentage in sedentary women.
Twenty-seven women who used to Alzahra sport clubs of 3 and 4 municipality of Tehran participated in this study (age, 38.53±7.59 years; weight, 77.61±5.26 kg). The subjects were randomly divided into three groups, endurance training, endurance training combined with garlic supplement and the control groups. The training protocol included: Running on a treadmill for 60 minutes at 60 to 75% of maximum heart rate for 10 weeks 5 times a week. Subjects of the training combined with garlic supplement group, received 2 tablets daily (in the form of capsules, 500 mg, nature made). At the beginning and 48 hours after training, the subjects were assessed for homocysteine and TPA. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and one way ANOVA (P Findings showed that in the endurance training and the endurance training combined with garlic supplement groups, serum homocysteine levels were significantly decreased (p According to this study, 10 weeks of endurance exercise with reduction of homocysteine levels, could lead to reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease in sedentary obese women.

Adipose tissue secretes different hormones, such as adiponectin, which regulates various biological functions. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the effects of resistance training with different patterns on Leptin, Adiponectin, Testosterone and cortisol in sedentary men.
forty untrained men, aged 23.8±2.66 years and weight 67.43±4.96kg, voluntarily participated for this study and were randomly assigned toone of the four groups:upper, lower, whole body (3 session per week for 8 weeks,5 sets trainingwith60-85%of one repetition maximum)and control (each group n=10). Blood samples (5cc) were taken from the subjects in three steps (pretest, week4 and the day after end of the eighth week).
Results using analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that in the upper limb, after 8 weeks, fat percentage was decreased up to(7.39%) and leptin decreased (64.02%), adiponectin(90.42%),and testosterone increase significantly (24.19%) (P=0.001) relative to pretest. In the lower body, fat percentage (7.39%) and leptin (56.95%) decreased (P=0.001), while, adiponectin (87.82%)(P In the present study types of resistance training caused increase in adiponectin and decrease in leptin. There was also an increase in testosterone levels and decrease fat percent in the upper and lower body groups. Results of this study, it indicate that resistance training among in active people is also associated with changes in hormone levels and can prevent cardiovascular disease in this group.

Testosterone and cortisol, are known as anabolic and catabolic hormones, strongly affected by obesity, and are essential in the management and treatment of obesity. We aim to review the effect of high intensity interval training on testosterone levels, cortisol and T/C ratio in obese and overweight children.
In this study twenty obese and overweight boys aged 9-12 years, were randomly divided into two groups, the high intensity interval training (HIIT, n=10) and the control (n=10) groups. An explanatory and instructive session was held, in order to familiarize subjects with the training protocol, measurement of maximal aerobic speed and their anthropometric indices. Forty-eight hours after the introductory session, untrained subjects of the intervention group undertook a session of acute high intensity interval training. The intervention group then participated in a training program at 100 to 110% of MAS/3 times per week for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of regular exercise, the subjects of the intervnention group were trained and another bout of high intensity interval training was conducted to assess the acute effects of exercise on the trained children. Cortisol and testosterone levels in fasting mode were measured in all subjects, before and after sessions of the acute high intensity interval training. The maximal aerobic speed of the subjects was measured using the 20 meter shuttle test.
In both training sessions, serum testosterone increased, in the HIIT group, but the increase was not significant in the first session, while it was in the second. In both sessions, cortisol increased significantly. In both acute sessions T/C ratio were significantly decreased.
According to these results, high intensity interval training can be manipulated as a method for improving some indicators, related to health promotion in obese and overweight children, and it can be used as a safe, fun and entertaining way to draw their attention to the exercise.

Previous research shows that pregnant women, due to their increased need for iodine, are among the high risk groups for iodine deficiency. This study hence aimed to evaluate the status of women’s knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding iodine and iodized salt intake and its association with iodine nutrition levels.
In this observational-analytical study, 100 pregnant women, residents of southern Tehran were randomly selected from five health care centers. Data collected included the general information and demographic characteristics and KAP questionnaires regarding iodized salt intake. Urine assess­men­ts of pregnant women and household salt samples were collected and evaluated.
Mean age of participants was 27.16±5.58 years, and their mean±SD knowledge, attitude and prachie scores were 62.5±20.8, 85.2±12.3, 64.7±14.3, respectively. Median urinary iodine concentrations and salt iodine content were 25.9(20.6-29.6) ppm and 109(60-160) µg/L, respectively with 74% of women consuming salt containing 20-40 ppm iodine and 29% had urine iodine concentrations ≥ 150 µg/L. Urine iodine concentration was significantly associated with practice score as well as with iodine content of salt.
Although women suffered from iodine deficiency, their KAP scores regarding iodine and iodized salt consumption were adequate. Further assessment of other personal and social factors which could affect iodine nutrition status of pregnant women is recommended.

Today, diabetes as a result of its many complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular problems is attracting much attention as a global pathology. Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of adult blindness in the world, as reported by the World Health Organization, with a prevalence estimated to double by 2030. Diabetic retinopathy can be categorized as two types, proliferative- and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Based on literature available, 20-50% of patients with long duration of diabetes, are mostly diagnosed with the proliferative form of retinopathy, a disorder caused by activation of biochemical pathways associated with hyperglycemia and ultimately increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and nerve damage, resulting defects in micro-vessels of the retina, eventually which can lead to vision loss and blindness. Hence due to the increased production of free radicals and active oxygen species (ROS), and also defects in the antioxidant defense system in this disease, natural antioxidants, such as plant flavonoids can be effective in reducing harmful oxidative stress. Currently the use of medicinal plants and their active components is a field of interest in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Based on the results of several studies on the use of natural products in treatment of diabetes, antioxidants could be used to design new drugs with lower side effects.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is often associated with clinical, metabolic and hormonal disorders. There are strong correlations between obesity, hyperandrogenism, impaired glucose tolerance and reproductive disorders emphasising the importance of lifestyle in patients with this syndrome.
PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane and SID databases (2003–2014) were searched to identify publications on the effect of interventions based on Lifestyle modification on clinical, hormonal and metabolic findings in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Suitable nutrition and weight reduction can improve the results of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Data on enhanced benicial composition of diets in these patients is not available and studies have focused mainly on the restriction of energy instead of diet composition. Some researchers believe that a low glycemic load diet is effective on insulin resistance and other symptoms of disease but there is in sufficient evidence on the effectiveness of diets with high protein content. Regular physical activity also improves insulin resistance in patients with the PCOS.
Lifestyle modification as the first-line treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome can improve the clinical, hormonal and metabolic findings of patients. Although calorie restriction and weight loss can directly improve disease outcomes in these patients, yet the effect of diet composition is not well elucidated.